This is a note for Lecture 8, CS106L, Spring 2023.

INTRODUCTION

What’s const?

Def.

• const: keyword indicating a variable, function or parameter can’t be modified

const variables can be references or not.

Ex.

std::vector<int> vec{1, 2, 3};
const std::vector<int> c_vec{7, 8};  // a const variable
std::vector<int>& ref = vec;         // a regular reference
const std::vector<int>& c_ref = vec; // a const reference

vec.push_back(3);    // OKAY
c_vec.push_back(3);  // BAD - const
ref.push_back(3);    // OKAY
c_ref.push_back(3);  // BAD - const

Why const?

It helps find out mistakes.

void f(const int x, const int y) {
  if ((x==2 && y==3) || (x==1)) {
    cout << 'a' << endl;
  }
  if ((y==x-1) && (x==-1 || y=-1)) {
    cout << 'b' << endl;
  }
  if ((x==3) && (y==2*x)) {
    cout << 'c' << endl;
  }
}

Since the variable y is const, y=-1 can be found by the compiler.

CONST AND CLASSES

INTRODUCTION OF CONST-INTERFACE

Recall our Student class:

// student.h
class Student {
 public:
  std::string getName();
  void setName(std::string name);
  int getAge();
  void setAge(int age);

 private:
  std::string name;
  std::string state;
  int age;
};

// student.cpp
#include "student.h"
std::string Student::getName() {
  return name;
}
void Student::setName(string name) {
  this->name = name;
}
int Student::getAge() {
  return age;
}
void Student::setAge(int age) {
  if (age >= 0) {
    this->age = age;
  }
  else error("Age cannot be negative!");
}

What if we use a const Student?

// main.cpp
std::string stringify(const Student& s) {
  return s.getName() + "is" + std::to_string(s.getAge()) + " years old.";
}

It causes compile error! The compiler doesn’t know getName and getAge don’t modify s! We need to promise that it doesn’t by defining them as const functions, by adding const to the end of function.

// student.h
class Student {
 public:
  std::string getName() const;
  void setName(std::string name);
  int getAge() const;
  void setAge(int age);

 private:
  std::string name;
  std::string state;
  int age;
};

// student.cpp
#include "student.h"
std::string Student::getName() const {
  return name;
}
void Student::setName(string name) {
  this->name = name;
}
int Student::getAge() const {
  return age;
}
void Student::setAge(int age) {
  if (age >= 0) {
    this->age = age;
  }
  else error("Age cannot be negative!");
}

Def.

• const-interface: All member functions marked const in a class definition. Objects of type const ClassName may ONLY use the const-interface.

PRACTICE

Let’s make StrVector’s const-interface!

class StrVector {
 public:
  using iterator = std::string*;
  const size_t kInitialSize = 2;
  /*...*/
  size_t size() const;  // const-interface. Yes
  bool empty() const;   // const-interface. Yes
  void push_back(const std::string& elem);
  std::string& at(size_t indx); // like vec[] but with error checking

  iterator begin(); // const-interface?
  iterator end();   // const-interface?
  /*...*/
};

std::string& StrVector::at(size_t index) {
  if (index >= size()) {
    throw std::out_of_range("Index out of range in at.");
  }
  return operator[](index); // operator[] = return *(begin() + index)
}

size() and empty() should be const-interfaces. Of course. What about at()? Seems like at doesn’t modify the vector… can we just mark at const like we did with the other functions?

NO!

The problem is that at returns a reference to an element in the vector. That element reference could be modified (thereby modifying the vector). For example:

// StrVector my_vec = { "sarah", "haven" };
std::string& elem_ref = my_vec.at(1);
elem_ref = "Now I'm Different";
// my_vec = { "sarah", "Now I'm Different" }

The solution should be adding a const version at function.

std::string& at(size_t indx);
const std::string& at(size_t indx) const;

And implement them like this:

std::string& StrVector::at(size_t index) {
  if (index >= size()) {
    throw std::out_of_range("Index out of range in at.");
  }
  return *(begin() + index);
}

const std::string& StrVector::at(size_t index) const {
  return static_cast<const std::string&>(
      const_cast<StrVector*>(this)->at(index));
}

Learn more about static_cast and const_cast here

Should begin() and end() be const?

Consider a function with const StrVector param:

void printVec(const StrVector& vec) {
  cout << "{ ";
  for (auto it = vec.begin(); it != vec.end(); ++it) {
    *it = "dont mind me modifying a const vector :D";
  }
  cout << "}" << endl;
}

This code will compile! begin() and end don’t explicitly change vec, but they give us an iterator that can! But, we also need a way to iterate through a const vec just to access it.

The solution is const_iterator:

class StrVector {
 public:
  using iterator = std::string*;
  using const_iterator = const std::string*;
  /*...*/
  iterator begin();
  iterator end();
  const_iterator begin() const;
  const_iterator end() const;
  /*...*/
};

CONST ITERATOR vs CONST_ITERATOR

This is tricky!

Iterator Type	Increment Iterator?	Change underlying value?
iterator	✅	✅
const_iterator	✅	❌
const iterator	❌	✅
const const_iterator	❌	❌

using iterator = std::string*;
using const_iterator = const std::string*;

const iterator it_c = vec.begin(); // string * const, const ptr to non-const obj
*it_c = "hi"; // OK! it_c is a const pointer to non-const object
it_c++; // not ok! can't change where a const pointer points!

const_iterator c_it = vec.begin(); // const string*, a non-const ptr to const object
c_it++; // totally ok! The pointer itself is non-const
*c_it = "hi"; // not ok! Can't change underlying const object
cout << *it << endl; // allowed! Can always read a const object, just can't change

// const string * const, const ptr to const obj
const const_iterator c_it_c = vec.begin();
cout << c_it_c << " points to " << *c_it_c << endl; // only reads are allowed!
c_it_c++; // not ok! can't change where a const pointer points!
*c_it_c = "hi"; // not ok! can't change underlying const object

RECAP

• Use const parameters and variables wherever you can in application code
• Every member function of a class that doesn’t change it member variables should be marked const
• Don’t reinvent the wheel! Use our fancy static_cast/const_cast trick to use the non-const version to implement a const version of a function
• auto will drop all const and &, so be sure to specify
• Make iterators and const_iterators for all your classes!